Umwijima wa okiside cyangwa umwirabura ni igikoresho cyo guhinduranya ibikoresho bya fer, ibyuma bidafite ingese, umuringa n'umuringa bishingiye ku mavuta, zinc, ibyuma by'ifu, hamwe n'uwagurisha ifeza. [1]Ikoreshwa mu kongeramo ruswa yoroheje, kugirango igaragare, no kugabanya urumuri.Kugirango ugere ku kurwanya ruswa cyane oxyde y'umukara igomba guterwa amavuta cyangwa ibishashara.Kimwe mu byiza byacyo kuruta ibindi bitwikiriye ni bike byubaka.
1.Ibikoresho byiza
Okiside yumukara isanzwe ni magnetite (Fe3O4), ihagaze neza muburyo bwa tekinike kandi itanga uburinzi bwiza bwo kwangirika kuruta okiside itukura (ingese) Fe2O3.Uburyo bugezweho bwinganda muburyo bwo gukora oxyde yumukara harimo ubushyuhe nubushyuhe bwo hagati bwasobanuwe hano hepfo.Okiside irashobora kandi gukorwa nuburyo bwa electrolytique muri anodizing.Uburyo gakondo bwasobanuwe mu ngingo ivuga kuri bluing.Zifite inyungu mumateka, kandi ningirakamaro kubishimisha gukora okiside yumukara neza hamwe nibikoresho bike kandi nta miti yuburozi.
Ubushyuhe buke bwa oxyde, nabwo bwasobanuwe hano hepfo, ntabwo ari impuzu yo guhinduranya - uburyo bwo hasi yubushyuhe ntibuhindura icyuma, ahubwo bushyiramo seleniyumu y'umuringa.
1.1 Umwuka ushushe
Ubwogero bushyushye bwa sodium hydroxide, nitrate, na nitrite kuri 141 ° C (286 ° F) bikoreshwa muguhindura ubuso bwibintu mo magnetite (Fe3O4).Amazi agomba kongerwaho mugihe cyo kwiyuhagira, hamwe nubugenzuzi bukwiye kugirango hatabaho guturika.
Kwirabura bishyushye bikubiyemo kwibiza igice mubigega bitandukanye.Igicapo gikunze "kwibizwa" nabatwara igice cyikora kugirango batwarwe hagati ya tank.Ibigega birimo, bikurikiranye, bisukura alkaline, amazi, soda ya caustic kuri 140.5 ° C (284.9 ° F) (uruganda rwirabura), hanyuma ikidodo, ubusanzwe kikaba amavuta.Soda ya caustic hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru butera Fe3O4 (oxyde yumukara) kwibumbira hejuru yicyuma aho kuba Fe2O3 (okiside itukura; ingese).Nubwo iba yuzuye umubiri kuruta okiside itukura, oxyde yumukara mushya irababaje, bityo amavuta agashyirwa mugice gishyushye, akayifunga "kurohama".Gukomatanya birinda kwangirika kwakazi.Hariho ibyiza byinshi byo kwirabura, cyane cyane:
Kwirabura birashobora gukorwa mubice binini (byiza kubice bito).
Nta ngaruka zifatika zigaragara (inzira yo kwirabura ikora urwego rugera kuri 1 µm).
Nibihendutse cyane kuruta sisitemu zo gukingira ruswa, nk'irangi na electroplating.
Ibya kera kandi bikoreshwa cyane mubisobanuro bishyushye bya okiside yumukara ni MIL-DTL-13924, ikubiyemo ibyiciro bine byuburyo butandukanye.Ibindi bisobanuro birimo AMS 2485, ASTM D769, na ISO 11408.
Nuburyo bukoreshwa mukwirabura umugozi winsinga kubikorwa byikinamico n'ingaruka zo kuguruka.
1.2 Ubushyuhe bwo hagati buringaniye
Kimwe na oxyde yumukara ishyushye, ubushyuhe bwo hagati bwirabura buhindura hejuru yicyuma kuri magnetite (Fe3O4).Nyamara, ubushyuhe bwo hagati bwa oxyde yirabura yirabura ku bushyuhe bwa 90-120 ° C (194-28 ° F), ugereranije cyane na oxyde yumukara ishyushye.Ibi nibyiza kuko biri munsi yumuti utetse, bivuze ko nta myotsi ya caustic yakozwe.
Kubera ko ubushyuhe bwo hagati bwirabura bugereranywa cyane na oxyde yumukara ishyushye, irashobora kandi kubahiriza ibisobanuro bya gisirikare MIL-DTL-13924, ndetse na AMS 2485.
1.3Ubukonje bukonje
Ubukonje bukonje bwirabura, buzwi kandi nkubushyuhe bwicyumba cya oxyde yumukara, bukoreshwa mubushyuhe bwa 20-30 ° C (68-86 ° F).Ntabwo ari impfunyapfunyo ya oxyde, ahubwo ni umubumbe wa seleniyumu wabitswe.Ubukonje bukonje butanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi biroroshye murugo rwirabura.Ipitingi itanga ibara risa nkiryo okiside ihindura, ariko ikunda guhita byoroha kandi igatanga imbaraga nke zo kurwanya abrasion.Gukoresha amavuta, ibishashara, cyangwa lacquer bizana ruswa irwanya ruswa hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hagati.Porogaramu imwe yo gukonjesha ya okiside ikonje yaba mubikoresho no kurangiza kubaka ibyuma (patina kubyuma).Bizwi kandi nka bluing bluing.
2. Umuringa
Kugaragaza bidasanzwe bya oxide oxyde.svg
Okiside yumukara kumuringa, rimwe na rimwe izwi ku izina ryubucuruzi Ebonol C, ihindura ubuso bwumuringa kuri oxide oxyde.Kugirango inzira ikore hejuru igomba kugira byibuze umuringa 65%;kubuso bw'umuringa bufite munsi ya 90% y'umuringa bigomba kubanza kubanza kuvurwa.Igifuniko cyarangiye kirahagaze neza kandi kirubahirizwa cyane.Irahagaze kugeza kuri 400 ° F (204 ° C);hejuru yubushyuhe igifuniko cyangirika bitewe na okiside yumuringa wibanze.Kugirango wongere kwangirika kwangirika, ubuso burashobora gusiga amavuta, gusiga, cyangwa ibishashara.Irakoreshwa kandi nk'imbere yo kuvura gushushanya cyangwa gushushanya.Ubuso burangije ubusanzwe ni satine, ariko burashobora guhinduka ububengerane mugutwikiriye enamel isobanutse neza.
Ku gipimo cya microscopique dendrite ikora hejuru yubuso, ifata urumuri kandi ikongerera imbaraga.Kubera iyi mitungo igifuniko gikoreshwa mu kirere, microscopi nibindi bikoresho bya optique kugirango bigabanye urumuri.
Mu mbaho zacapwe zumuzunguruko (PCBs), gukoresha okiside yumukara bitanga neza neza kuri fiberglass laminate.PCB yibizwa mu bwogero burimo hydroxide, hypochlorite, na cuprate, bigabanuka mubice bitatu byose.Ibi byerekana ko okiside y'umuringa wirabura ituruka igice cya cuprate naho igice kiva mumuzunguruko wa PCB.Mugihe cya microscopique, nta muringa (I) uhari.
Igisirikare gishobora gukoreshwa muri Amerika ni MIL-F-495E.
3. Ibyuma
Umwijima w'icuraburindi ushyushye ku byuma bidafite ingese ni uruvange rwa caustic, okiside, n'umunyu wa sulfuru.Irabura urukurikirane rwa 300 na 400 hamwe nimvura igwa 17-4 PH idafite ibyuma.Igisubizo kirashobora gukoreshwa kumyuma hamwe nicyuma gito cya karubone.Kurangiza ibisubizo bihuye nibisobanuro bya gisirikare MIL-DTL - 13924D Icyiciro cya 4 kandi itanga kurwanya abrasion.Kurangiza okiside yumukara ikoreshwa mubikoresho byo kubaga ahantu hibanda cyane kumucyo kugirango ugabanye umunaniro wamaso.
Icyumba-ubushyuhe bwicyuma cyuma kitagira umwanda kibaho biterwa na auto-catalitiki reaction yumuringa-selenide ubitse hejuru yicyuma.Itanga imbaraga zo kurwanya abrasion hamwe no kurinda ruswa kimwe nuburyo bwo kwirabura bushyushye.Porogaramu imwe yo mucyumba-ubushyuhe bwirabura ni muburyo bwububiko (patina kumyuma idafite ingese).
4. Zinc
Okiside yumukara kuri zinc izwi kandi mwizina ryubucuruzi Ebonol Z.Ikindi gicuruzwa ni Ultra-Blak 460, yirabura hejuru ya zinc yometseho na galvanised idakoresheje chrome na zinc bipfa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-23-2021